Brazilian life scripts: reminiscence bump location and characteristics of life events / Roteiro de vida brasileiro: localização do reminiscence bump e características dos eventos de vida / Guiones de vida de brasileños: localización del reminiscence bump y características de los eventos de la vida

The life script construct refers to the semantic knowledge shared by individuals from a given culture and reflects the expectations about when specific events are supposed to happen. This study aimed to identify whether a life script for Brazilian culture and its characteristics exists. Three hundred and eighty-four participants reported the seven most important events in the life of a hypothetical newborn of their same gender and culture. For each event, they informed an estimate of age and levels of importance, prevalence, and valence. Our results showed that most of the events cited were considered positive and expected to happen before age 30. The ages from 15 to 30 had the most positive events (51.9%). Events before age 15 were rated as more prevalent and important. The results are discussed as representations of lifetime development benchmarks within the Brazilian population and compared to other countries' data on life scripts.(AU)

O construto de roteiro de vida se refere ao conhecimento semântico compartilhado entre indivíduos de uma cultura e reflete as expectativas acerca de eventos específicos esperados. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar se existe um roteiro de vida para a cultura brasileira e quais seriam suas características. Trezentos e oitenta e quatro participantes relataram quais os sete eventos mais importantes que provavelmente acontecerão na vida de um recém-nascido hipotético da mesma cultura e gênero que eles. Para cada evento, os participantes informaram estimativas de idade e níveis de importância, de prevalência e de valência. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos eventos citados foram considerados positivos (51,9%). Eventos estimados para acontecer antes dos 15 anos de idade foram classificados como mais prevalentes e importantes. Os resultados são discutidos como representações de referências do desenvolvimento ao longo da vida na população brasileira e comparados com dados de roteiros de vida de outros países.(AU)

La construcción del guion de vida se refiere al conocimiento semántico que se comparte entre los individuos de una cultura y refleja las expectativas sobre eventos específicos que se espera ocurran en una vida típica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar eventos en el guion de vida para la cultura brasileña y cuáles serían sus características. Trescientos ochenta y cuatro participantes informaron cuáles son los siete eventos más importantes en la vida de un hipotético recién nacido de la misma cultura y género que ellos. Para cada evento, se informaron estimaciones de edad y niveles de importancia, prevalencia y valencia. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los eventos mencionados se consideraron positivos (51,9%). Los eventos de antes de los 15 años fueran más frecuentes y se clasificaron como los importantes. Los resultados se discuten como representaciones de referencias de desarrollo de por vida en la población brasileña y se comparan con datos de los itinerarios de vida de otros países.(AU)

Las tecnologías e-learning y TIC en el aprendizaje a largo plazo de la anatomía humana en estudiantes del área de la salud: una revisión de la literatura / E-learning and TIC technologies in long-term learning of human anatomy of health students: a review of the literature

RESUMEN: Los propósitos de esta revisión literaria fueron, identificar estudios que explorarenlas tecnologías e-learning y TIC y su impacto en el aprendizaje a largo plazo, y evaluar la calidad de los estudios en esta aérea. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed (Medline), Ovid (cochrane Central), Ovid (Medline), Ovid (Global Health), Scopus, Web of Science (clarivate) y Science Direct, incluyendo las palabras clave: Education Distance, eLearning, Learning, Learning Curve, Long Term Memory, active learning, Repetion Anatomy, Anatomy Cross-Sectional, Anatomy Regional, Students Health Occupations y Medical education. Tres evaluadores de forma independiente evaluaron la calidad de las investigaciones utilizando el instrumento de Calidad del Estudio de Investigación de Educación Médica (MERSQI). El total de resultados inicialmente fueron 557 artículos de investigación, al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión por los evaluadores se identificaron un total de 25 artículos. Posterior a la revisión de los artículos se incluyeron 2 investigaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de síntesis en esteestudio. En conclusión, la incorporación de las tecnologías e - learning y TIC permitió evaluar el aprendizaje a largo plazo, aporto motivación y aumento en las habilidades del conocimiento, además de ser una herramienta para el proceso de Enseñanza - aprendizaje -evaluación, sin embargo, se necesitan investigaciones que evalúen cuidadosamente el impacto de los factores preponderantes del aprendizaje largo plazo, mientras se utilizan las tecnologías e-learning y TIC.

SUMMARY: The objective of this review was to identify studies that explore e-learning and ICT technologies and their impact on long-term learning, and to evaluate the quality of studies in this area. Searches were carried out in databases PubMed (Medline), Ovid (Cochrane Central), Ovid (Medline), Ovid (Global Health), Scopus, Web of Science (clarivate) and Science Direct, including keywords: Education Distance, e-Learning, Learning , Learning Curve, Long Term Memory, Active Learning, Repetition Anatomy, Anatomy Cross-Sectional, Anatomy Regional, Students Health Occupations and Medical education. Three evaluators independently assessed the quality of the studies using the Medical Education Research Study Quality (MERSQI) instrument. The to- tal results were initially 557 research articles, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 25 articles were identified. Following a review of the articles, 2 studies were included that met the synthesis criteria in this study. In conclusion, integrating e-learning and ICT technologies facilitate the evaluation of long- term learning, provide motivation and increase knowledge skills, in addition to being a tool for the Teaching-learning-evaluation process. However, further research is needed to evaluate the impact of the preponderant factors of long-term learning, while using e- learning and ICT technologies.

Valerian treatment during the postpartum period alters breast milk composition and impairs long-term memory in female rat offspring

Maternal anxiety symptoms in the perinatal period might have long-term health effects on both the mother and the developing child. Valerian is a phytotherapeutic agent that is widely used for the treatment of anxiety. This study investigated the effects of valerian treatment in postpartum rats on maternal care, toxicity, and milk composition. Postnatal development, memory, and anxiety behavior in the offspring were also assessed. Postpartum Wistar rats received the valerian (500, 1000, or 2000 mg·kg-1·day-1) by oral gavage. Clinical and biochemical toxicity was evaluated with commercial kits. Maternal behavior was observed daily. Milk composition was analyzed by colorimetric methods. Physical and neuromotor tests were used to analyze postnatal development. Anxiolytic activity was assessed by the elevated plus maze, and memory was evaluated by the step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Maternal toxicity and care behavior were not altered by the treatment, while only the highest dose promoted a significant increase of lactose, and the doses 1000 and 2000 mg·kg-1·day-1 promoted a reduction of protein contents in milk. Postnatal development was similar in all offspring. Adult offspring did not display altered anxiety behavior, while long-term memory was impaired in the female adult offspring by maternal treatment with 1000 mg·kg-1·day-1. These results suggested that high doses of valerian had significant effects on important maternal milk components and can cause long-term alterations of offspring memory; thus, treatment with high doses of valerian is not safe for breastfeeding Wistar rat mothers.

Stress and long-term memory retrieval: a systematic review

Abstract Introduction The experience of stressful events can alter brain structures involved in memory encoding, storage and retrieval. Here we review experimental research assessing the impact of the stress-related hormone cortisol on long-term memory retrieval. Method A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and PsycNet databases with the following terms: "stress," "long-term memory," and "retrieval." Studies were included in the review if they tested samples of healthy human participants, with at least one control group, and with the onset of the stress intervention occurring after the encoding phase and shortly (up to one hour) before the final memory test. Results Thirteen studies were included in the qualitative synthesis (N = 962) and were classified according to the time elapsed between stress induction and memory retrieval (stress-retrieval delay), the stress-inducing protocol (stressor), the time of day in which stress induction took place, sex, and age of participants. Most studies induced stress with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) between 15 and 25 minutes before the final memory (mostly recall) test and showed significant increases in cortisol levels and memory impairment. Discussion The reviewed studies indicate that stress does impair retrieval, particularly when induced with the TSST, in the afternoon, up to 45 minutes before the onset of the final memory test, in healthy young men. These results may inform future research on the impact of stress-induced cortisol surges on memory retrieval.

Semantic memory, but not education or intelligence, moderates cognitive aging: a cross-sectional study

Objective: Aging studies regularly assume that years of education are a protective factor for baseline cognition. In developing countries with specific sociocultural issues, this relationship may not work as expected, and an unmet need remains for alternative resilience factors. This study aimed to analyze different moderators for the relationship between aging and general cognition that could reflect better protective factors. Methods: One hundred and fourteen Brazilian older adults, deemed healthy by global cognition, absence of psychiatric symptoms, or neurological history, participated in this cross-sectional study. Moderators for the relationship between age and global cognition included education, intelligence, and occupational factors. Semantic memory was added as a protective factor reflecting culturally acquired conceptual knowledge. Results: As expected, age alone is a predictor of global cognitive scores; surprisingly, however, education, intelligence, and occupation were not moderators of the association. Semantic memory was a significant moderator (p = 0.007), indicating that knowledge acquired during life may be a protective factor. Conclusion: In developing countries, the use of resilience factors based only on years of education may be misleading. Sociocultural issues influence the educational system and achievement and, consequently, affect the use of this simple measure. Resilience-factor studies should consider using crystallized abilities when studying populations with sociocultural particularities.

The underlying mechanism for the connection between visual long-term memory and visual working memory / 生理学报

Visual memory, mainly composed of visual long-term memory (VLTM) and visual working memory (VWM), is an important mechanism of human information storage. Since Baddeley proposed the multicomponent working memory model, the idea that VWM is independent of the VLTM system has been widely accepted. However, the new theoretical evidence suggested a close connection between VLTM and VWM. For instance, the three embedded components model describes the VLTM and VWM in the same framework, which suggests that VWM is only a distinct state of VLTM. On the one hand, the operating function of VWM is supported by the persistence of VLTM. On the other hand, the evidence from neuroimaging studies shows that VWM and VLTM tasks activate some same brain areas. In addition, the whole visual memory system shows a trend of processing from early visual cortex to prefrontal cortex. The present article not only reviews the current studies about the relationship between VLTM and VWM but also gives some forecasts for future studies.

Collective memory of umbilical cord stump care: an educational experience / Memoria colectiva del cuidado del muñón umbilical: una experiencia educativa / Memória coletiva de cuidado ao coto umbilical: uma experiência educativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the educational experience with pregnant women considering the recovery of collective memory inherited from the care for the umbilical cord stump provided by grandmothers. Method: This case study was based on collective memory and resulted from a workshop with 20 pregnant women from a Basic Health Unit in a city in the inland of Bahia. Results: The study showed that pregnant women's grandmothers are significant in the stump care process because they transmit their memories pervaded by beliefs, myths and superstitions that, although should be respected by nurses and other health professionals, can sometimes contribute to the occurrence of omphalitis and neonatal tetanus. Final considerations: The results indicated the need for raising awareness and education of all persons involved in this care, especially grandmothers, so that they can reflect on the risks and damage that certain empirical knowledge can cause to the health of the umbilical cord.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar la experiencia educativa con gestantes a partir del rescate de la memoria colectiva sobre el cuidado del muñón umbilical realizado por sus abuelas. Método: Relato de experiencia con base en la memoria colectiva de 20 gestantes participantes en un taller de una Unidad Básica de Salud, en un municipio del interior de Bahía (Brasil). Resultados: Se observó que las gestantes consideran a sus abuelas personas significativas en el cuidado del muñón umbilical, y transmitieron sus memorias repletas de creencias, mitos y supersticiones que, aunque deben ser respetados por el enfermero y los demás profesionales de salud, a veces pueden colaborar con la ocurrencia de onfalitis y tétano neonatal. Consideraciones finales: Es necesaria la sensibilización y educación de todos los involucrados en ese cuidado, principalmente las abuelas, para que puedan reflexionar sobre los riesgos y daños que pueden causar ciertos conocimientos empíricos a la salud del muñón umbilical.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar a experiência educativa com gestantes a partir do resgate da memória coletiva herdada de cuidado ao coto umbilical realizado pelas avós. Método: Relato de experiência fundamentado na memória coletiva, oriundo de uma oficina com 20 gestantes de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em um município do interior baiano. Resultados: Observou-se que as gestantes têm as avós como pessoas significativas no cuidado ao coto, as quais transmitem suas memórias permeadas de crenças, mitos e crendices que, embora devam ser respeitados pelo enfermeiro e demais profissionais de saúde, por vezes, podem contribuir para a ocorrência de onfalites e tétano neonatal. Considerações finais: Percebeu-se a necessidade de sensibilização e educação de todos os envolvidos nesse cuidado, principalmente as avós, no sentido de que possam refletir sobre os riscos e danos que certos conhecimentos empíricos podem causar à saúde do coto umbilical.

Factor Analysis of Delirium in Elderly, Using the Korean Version of Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the core symptoms of delirium, particularly in elderly people associated with major risk factors, using the Korean version of the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 200 patients (mean age: 72.7±3.9 years, male: 68.5%) who had been diagnosed with delirium. Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the results. RESULTS: The results demonstrated three core domains of delirium in the elderly patients: 1) the cognitive domain (e.g., language, thought process, orientation, attention, long-term memory, and visuospatial ability); 2) the circadian domain (e.g., sleep-wake cycle and motor behavior); and 3) the short-term memory domain (short-term memory). These results were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest a theoretical domain structure for delirium in elderly patients.

Interferência retroativa: o esquecimento como uma interrupção na consolidação da memória / Interferencia retroactiva: olvido como una interrupción en la consolidación de la memoria / Retroactive interference: forgetting as an interruption of memory consolidation

O esquecimento é uma condição vivenciada diariamente pelos indivíduos e um conceito de extrema importância para a ciência da memória, apesar de sua experimentação ser complexa. Algumas teorias que tentam definir a ciência do esquecimento são apresentadas neste estudo, todavia, aqui focamos na Teoria da Interferência, principalmente na Interferência Retroativa (IR). A IR é a interferência que ocorre quando uma informação ou tarefa é inserida entre a apresentação de uma informação-alvo e sua posterior recordação. A IR pode ser explicada como uma competição de itens, mas atualmente surge a proposta que ela seja fruto da interrupção de um outro processo, chamado de Consolidação da Memória. A consolidação da memória é o processo através do qual as informações tornam-se estáveis, a partir de processos neurais posteriores ao registro inicial de uma informação que contribuem para o registro definitivo - ou, ao menos, mais duradouro - desta informação. A IR perturbaria estes processos posteriores à aprendizagem, resultando na perda destes materiais. O presente estudo visa propor a possibilidade da investigação mais aprofundada deste tópico para a melhor compreensão desse relevante conceito, visando aprofundar o conhecimento desta hipótese e outras possíveis causas do esquecimento.

El olvido es una condición experimentada diariamente por individuos y un concepto de suma importancia para la ciencia de la memoria, a pesar de que el proceso de experimentación sea complejo. En el presente estudio algunas teorías que tratan de definir la ciencia de olvido serán discutidas, sin embargo, aquí nos centramos en la teoría de la interferencia, especialmente en la interferencia retroactiva (IR). El IR es la interferencia que se produce cuando se introduce una información o tarea entre la presentación de una información-objetivo y su posterior recordación. El IR se puede explicar como un elemento de competencia entre los elementos, pero recientemente viene la propuesta de que es el resultado de la interrupción de otro proceso, llamado consolidación de la memoria. Consolidación de la memoria es el proceso por el cual ocurre la estabilización de la información, a partir de procesos neuronales posteriores al registro inicial de información que contribuyen al registro definitivo - o por lo menos, más duraderos - de esta información. El IR podría teóricamente perturbar estos procesos posteriores al aprendizaje, lo que resulta en la pérdida de estas informaciones. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proponer una investigación mas profunda de este tema para comprender mejor este importante concepto, dirigido a profundizar el conocimiento de esta hipótesis y de otras posibles causas del olvido.

Although experimenting with forgetting is complex, forgetting is not only a condition experienced by individuals every day but also an extremely important concept in memory science. Some theories that attempt to define the science of forgetting are presented in this study; however, we have focused here on the theory of interference, retroactive interference (RI) in particular. RI is the interference that occurs when a task or piece of information is inserted between the presentation of target information and its subsequent recall. Although RI can be explained as competition between items, some have now proposed that it results from the interruption of the process of memory consolidation, through which information become stable; neural processes following the initial recording of information contribute to the definitive-or, at least, longer lasting-record of this information. RI disrupts post-learning processes, resulting in the loss of these materials. This study proposes a deeper investigation of RI and memory consolidation to obtain a better understanding of this important concept, seeking to deepen knowledge of this hypothesis and other possible causes of forgetting.

Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Manifested as Rapid Progressive Dementia Successfully Treated by Endovascular Embolization Only / 신경중재치료의학

A 43-year-old male presented with daytime sleepiness at work and indifferent behavior like never before. Two weeks prior to hospital admission, he had episodic memory loss with well preserved remote memory. Brain MRI showed a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) in the right lateral transverse sinus with a bilateral thalamic venous infarction. Cerebral angiography confirmed a right transverse sigmoid dural arteriovenous fistula with a feeding artery of the right occipital artery and left posterior meningeal artery. The DAVF was completely eliminated through multiple endovascular interventions. Recently, endovascular treatment has become one of the main therapeutic options to obliterate a fistulous site, which has led to a rapid diagnostic approach and management of DAVFs with high curative rates. We report a rare case of posterior fossa located at a dural arteriovenous fistula that caused rapid progressive dementia and was successfully eliminated through only endovascular treatment.

Apocynin preserves glutamatergic neurons in the basolateral amygdala in mice with neonatal sevoflurane exposure / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Neonatal exposure to anesthetics induces neuronal apoptosis and long-term cognitive dysfunction in rodents. We showed that the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase inhibitor apocynin not only reduces neurotoxicity by decreasing superoxide levels and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction but also improves long-term memory impairment in neonatal mice exposed to sevoflurane. We also found that after the contextual fear conditioning test, glutamatergic neurons expressed c-Fos (neural activation) regardless of previous exposure to sevoflurane. Moreover, there were fewer c-Fos-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) after exposure to sevoflurane than after exposure to carrier gas. In this study, we investigated whether the administration of apocynin prior to sevoflurane exposure would preserve glutamatergic neurons in the BLA. METHODS: Apocynin (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into six-day-old male mice 30 min before 6 h of exposure to 3% sevoflurane or carrier gas only. The mice were allowed to mature and then were subjected to the contextual fear conditioning test. The neural activation and neuron population in the BLA were investigated 2 h later. RESULTS: Administration of apocynin prior to neonatal sevoflurane exposure not only prevented learning deficits but also preserved c-Fos-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the BLA. CONCLUSIONS: Apocynin mitigates the cognitive impairment induced by neonatal sevoflurane exposure and preserves c-Fos-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the basolateral amygdala.

Epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling in learning and memory

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of memory formation and maintenance has been a major goal in the field of neuroscience. Memory formation and maintenance are tightly controlled complex processes. Among the various processes occurring at different levels, gene expression regulation is especially crucial for proper memory processing, as some genes need to be activated while some genes must be suppressed. Epigenetic regulation of the genome involves processes such as DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications. These processes edit genomic properties or the interactions between the genome and histone cores. They then induce structural changes in the chromatin and lead to transcriptional changes of different genes. Recent studies have focused on the concept of chromatin remodeling, which consists of 3D structural changes in chromatin in relation to gene regulation, and is an important process in learning and memory. In this review, we will introduce three major epigenetic processes involved in memory regulation: DNA methylation, histone methylation and histone acetylation. We will also discuss general mechanisms of long-term memory storage and relate the epigenetic control of learning and memory to chromatin remodeling. Finally, we will discuss how epigenetic mechanisms can contribute to the pathologies of neurological disorders and cause memory-related symptoms.

Neurobiological Mechanism of Memory

Memory is one of the most important mental mechanisms which is crucial for us to adapt to environmental surroundings and to maintain our identity. The neurobiological mechanisms for memory are based upon the synaptic plasticity that involve both functional and structural changes at the synapses in the neural circuits participating in learning and memory. Memory is not a single process but has two forms of short-term and long-term memory that are two independent but overlapping processes that blend into one another. The short-term memory depends upon the functional change of synaptic strength but the long-term memory requires anatomic changes of synapses in the neural circuit. Memory storage seems to use elements of a common genetic switch, involving cyclic adenosine monophospate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase, and cAMP response element-binding protein, to convert short-term memory into long-term memory.

Amusia After Right Temporoparietal Lobe Infarction: A Case Report

Which brain regions participate in musical processing remains controversial. During singing and listening a familiar song, it is necessary to retrieve information from the long-term memory. However, the precise mechanism involved in musical processing is unclear. Amusia is impaired perception, understanding, or production of music not attributable to disease of the peripheral auditory pathways or motor system. We report a case of a 36-year-old right-handed man who lost the ability to discriminate or reproduce rhythms after a right temporoparietal lobe infarction. We diagnosed him as an amusic patient using the online version of Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA). This case report suggests that amusia could appear after right temporoparietal lobe infarction. Further research is needed to elucidate the dynamic musical processing mechanism and its associated neural structures.

Memória / Memory

Este artigo tem como objetivo central apresentar os processos de memória de maneira didática, proporcionando aos alunos e futuros pesquisadores um primeiro contato satisfatório com o tema. Já há algum tempo, tem sido observada a ocorrência de confusões conceituais e metodológicas no campo da neurociência cognitiva, tanto em relação à memória quanto em relação às outras funções psicológicas básicas. Neste ensaio, alguns conceitos principais são esclarecidos. É apresentada uma classificação fenomenológica da memória, a qual inclui a memória sensorial, a memória de trabalho e as memórias de curta duração e de longa duração. Também são explicados os processos de consolidação e evocação das memórias, evidenciando os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos nestes processos. (AU)

This paper aims to present the memory processes in a didactic manner, providing students and future researchers with a first contact with this subject. For a long time, we have observed the occurrence of conceptual and methodological confusion in the field of cognitive neuroscience, regarding memory and other basic psychological functions. In this essay, some key concepts are clarified. A phenomenological classification of memory is presented, which includes sensory memory, working memory and long term memories. Memory consolidation and retrieval processes are also explained, appraising the biological background involved in these processes. (AU)

CONSTRUCCIÓN DE POLÍTICAS DE MEMORIA DESDE LA VIDA COTIDIANA / CONSTRUÇÃO DE POLÍTICAS DE MEMÓRIA A PARTIR DA VIDA COTIDIANA / THE CONSTRUCTION OF POLITICS OF MEMORY BASED ON EVERYDAY LIFE

En las últimas décadas, en aquellas sociedades occidentales que han enfrentado situaciones de violencia política, se ha generado un debate sobre los efectos políticos que implica recordar/olvidar dicho pasado. Es así como, las Ciencias Sociales desde los años 90, han hecho de las políticas de memoria un campo de estudios. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo sostener a través de un trabajo teórico, que las políticas de memoria, al contrario de lo que usualmente se plantea, no solo se producen desde acciones estratégicas emanadas de ámbitos políticos-institucionales, sino también desde acciones no planificadas y espontáneas que emergen desde el espacio cotidiano. Lo anterior se sustenta pues al recordar cotidianamente, junto con apelar al pasado en un escenario de conflictos, se producen posicionamientos que generan un ordenamiento de hegemonías y resistencias respecto a lo que se recuerda y al lugar que se le otorga en el presente...

Nas últimas décadas, nas sociedades ocidentais que enfrentaram situações de violência política, gerou-se um debate sobre os efeitos políticos que envolve lembrar / esquecer esse passado. Assim, as ciências sociais, desde os anos 90, fizeram da política da memória um campo de estudos. Este artigo tem por objetivo defender, através de um trabalho teórico, que as políticas da memória, ao contrário do que normalmente se afirma, não apenas ocorrem a partir de ações estratégicas que emanam de áreas político-institucionais, mas também de ações não planejadas e espontâneas, que emergem do espaço cotidiano. Essa opinião é corroborada pelo fato de que lembrar na vida cotidiana, bem como invocar o passado em um cenário de conflitos, produz posicionamentos que geram um sistema de hegemonia e resistência em relação ao que é lembrado e ao lugar que lhe é dado no presente...

Over the last decades, Western societies which have experienced political violence have debated the political effects entailed by remembering/forgetting this past. In this context, from the early 90s onwards, memory policies have become a field of study for the social sciences. Through theoretical work, the present article aims to advance the notion that politics of memory, in contrast with what is usually held, can be produced not only via strategic actions that spring from political-institutional spheres but also as a result of unplanned and spontaneous actions emerging from quotidian space. This notion is supported by the fact that remembering in everyday life, apart from invoking the past in a conflict-ridden setting, also produces positionings which generate an ordering of hegemonies and resistances revolving around that which is remembered and the place assigned to it in the present...

Sobre la memoria, la conciencia y el pensamiento en américa latina: Entre la laguna y el pantano / On the memory, consciousness, and thought in latin america: between the lagoon and the swamp

En el presente texto se desarrollan algunas rutas de análisis en torno a la pregunta ¿cómo incorporar éticamente el problema en sus acciones cotidianas, y del mismo modo, cómo evitar las exitosas estrategias del olvido y la indiferencia?; Se hace énfasis en la ganada importancia que tienen los procesos populares sobre todo juveniles, en tanto que, gracias a sus narrativas, acrecientan y triunfan cotidianamente sobre las retóricas autoritarias quebuscan silenciar la memoria.

Some routes of analyses around the following question: How to incorporate ethically the problem in their daily actions, and similarly, how to avoid the successful strategies of oblivion and indifference? are addressed in this paper. Certain emphasis is made on thegained importance that the popular processes have specially those related to the youth, while, thanks to their narratives, they increase and succeed, on a daily basis, over the authoritarian rhetoric seeking to silence memory.

Avaliação da memória em crianças e adolescentes com histórico de acidente vascular cerebral e crianças com queixas de dificuldades escolares / Memory test on children and teenagers with stroke history and children with difficulties in scholar learning

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a memória de curto e longo prazo e memória operacional em crianças/adolescentes com histórico de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), comparando o desempenho deste grupo com crianças/adolescentes com e sem queixas de dificuldades escolares. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados foram: Figuras complexas de Rey, Bloco de Corsi, RALVT e o Subteste Memória Operacional/WISC-IV (Dígitos e Sequência de números e letras). Participaram deste estudo 32 crianças, sendo 7 crianças com diagnóstico comprovado de AVC, 10 indivíduos com queixa de dificuldades escolares e 15 crianças sem queixa de dificuldades escolares, divididas em três grupos com idade entre 7 e 15 anos, frequentadoras do 1º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de ambos os sexos. Os resultados encontrados indicaram que, tanto crianças/adolescente com histórico de AVC como indivíduos com dificuldades escolares possuem prejuízos significativos no desempenho da memória, sendo observadas grandes defasagens em memória operacional e de curto prazo. Além disso, tais achados demonstraram que indivíduos pós-AVC tendem a ter maiores dificuldades em reter informações ao longo do tempo, além de apresentarem alterações em áreas importantes para o processo ensino aprendizagem, como as habilidades visuo-motora e visuo-espacial. Destaca-se a necessidade da continuidade desses estudos a curto e médio prazo com essa população, a fim de compreender o quanto tais prejuízos interferem no processo de aprendizagem.

This study aimed the evaluation of short and long-term memories, as well as working memory, for children and teenagers with stroke history, by comparison of the performance on this group with children and teenagers which claimed difficulty at school, and with those who did not. The instruments applied for data collection were: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figures, Corsi block-tapping test, RALVT and the WISC-IV subtest on working memory (using digits and sequences of numbers and letters). The subjects that took part in the experience composed a group of 32 children, 7 of them diagnosed in having a stroke history, 10 of them with difficulty in learning, and 15 of them presenting no difficulties, divided in three groups aging between 7 and 15 years, attending elemental and middle school, male and female. The results indicated that both youngsters with a stroke history and those with difficulty at school had a significant low handicap in their memory performance, with a greater loss on working and short-term memories. Furthermore, such results indicate that post-stroke subjects tend to experience greater difficulty in retaining information on memory over the long term, in addition to disturbances in relevant areas concerning the process of education and schooling, such as visuomotor and visuospatial skills. The need to proceed with the study under the short and medium term with the pattern stands out, in order to examine how much of prejudice steps in the process of learning.

Cognitive Impairments in Clinically Stable Late-Life Depression : Relationship to Cardiovascular Risk : A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that cardiovascular risk is associated with cognitive impairments in clinically stable late-life depression. METHODS: A total of 59 clinically stable late-life depression patients over age 60 were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Evaluation tools used in this study include Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Geriatric Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Framingham general cardiovascular disease risk profile and the cognitive function battery designed for this study. Correlation analysis, analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were performed. RESULTS: Patients with higher cardiovascular risk performed significantly poorer in the domains of executive function and short-term or long-term memory. In models adjusted for age, sex, education, 10% higher cardiovascular risk was associated with poorer executive function. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that cardiovascular risk could be a significant factor associated with poor executive function in clinically stable late-life depression and the management which is necessary as a component of treatment planning. This pilot study provided good prospects for future studies to document this relationship on larger samples.

Rendimiento de la memoria prospectiva en personas mayores, adultos y jóvenes / Prospective memory performance in older people, adults and youth / Rendimento da memória prospectiva em idosos, adultos e jovens

La finalidad del presente trabajo fue comprobar las diferencias que pudieran existir en Memoria Prospectiva (MP) entre jóvenes, adultos y personas mayores; analizar las relaciones existentes entre variables de comprensión y fluidez verbal y la MP; y verificar la existencia de relaciones entre la percepción subjetiva del estado de salud y el rendimiento de la MP. A través de un diseño transversal, se trabajó con 270 participantes distribuidos en tres grupos de edad: jóvenes de 18 a 28 años; adultos de 45 a 55, y personas mayores de 60 a 80. Se evaluó a los participantes en relación con sus aptitudes de comprensión y fluidez verbal, así como en la percepción subjetiva de su estado de salud. Posteriormente se realizó un experimento donde se les presentaron párrafos de tres frases en la pantalla del computador y ellos tenían que reconocer palabras previamente acordadas, que indicarían su nivel de MP. Los resultados permitieron confirmar diferencias significativas en memoria prospectiva entre mayores y jóvenes. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias entre jóvenes y adultos. Se detectó la importancia de las aptitudes verbales y la influencia de la percepción subjetiva del estado de salud para tener un mejor rendimiento en estas tareas de laboratorio de MP.

The aims of this study were to verify the potential differences in prospective memory (PM) among young people, adults and the elderly; analyze the relationships between variables of comprehension and verbal fluency and PM; and finally, verify the existence of a relationship between self-reported health status and performance on PM. A cross- sectional design was used. The study involved 270 participants divided into three age groups: young people aged 18 to 28 years; adults 45 to 55, and seniors 60 to 80. Their comprehension and verbal fluency skills were assessed as well as their self-perceived health status. Subsequently, an experiment was carried out where participants were presented with paragraphs of three sentences on a computer screen and they had to recognize previously agreed words that would indicate their level of MP. The results established significant differences in prospective memory between adults and older people and between young people and the elderly. But no differences between youth and adults were found..The importance of verbal comprehension and verbal fluency in solving prospective memory experimental tasks was also significant. In addition, a better self-perception of well-being was linked to a higher performance in PM.

A finalidade do presente trabalho foi comprovar as diferenças que puderam existir na Memória Prospectiva (MP) entre jovens, adultos e idosos; analisar as relações existentes entre variáveis de compreensão e fluência verbal e a MP; e verificar a existência de relações entre a percepção subjetiva do estado de saúde e o rendimento da MP. Através de um desenho transversal, se trabalhou com 270 participantes distribuídos em três grupos de idade: jovens de 18 a 28 anos; adultos de 45 a 55, e idosos de 60 a 80. Avaliaram-se os participantes em relação com suas aptidões de compreensão e fluência verbal, assim como na percepção subjetiva de seu estado de saúde. Posteriormente realizou-se um experimento onde foram apresentados parágrafos de três frases na tela do computador e eles tinham que reconhecer palavras previamente lembradas, que indicariam seu nível de MP. Los resultados permitiram confirmar diferencias significativas em memória prospectiva entre idosos e jovens. Porém, não se encontraram diferenças entre jovens e adultos. Detectou-se a importância das aptidões verbais e a influencia de a percepção subjetiva do estado de saúde para ter um melhor rendimento nestas tarefas de laboratório de MP.